Second-largest city of Poland, at the geographic center of the country, and important for its textile industry. The German occupation at the beginning of World War I dealt a severe economic blow to the city. Access to the important Russian market was cut off; moreover, the occupiers dismantled a large number of its factories despite the fact that many of them belonged to Germans.

Lodz and the Schenker Circle

Schenker's long-time student Evelina Pairamall was a wealthy Polish Jew and owned "twenty-seven or twenty-nine [...] properties and houses in and around Lodz" (OJ 1/15, p. 666, August 26, 1914).

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